Iterating over std::map or std::multimap

std::map or std::multimap could be traversed by the following ways:

std::multimap< int , int > mmp{ {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {6, 5}, {8, 9}, {3, 4}, {6, 7} };
                               
//Range based loop - since C++11
for(const auto &x: mmp) 
    std::cout<< x.first <<":"<< x.second << std::endl;

//Forward iterator for loop: it would loop through first element to last element
//it will be a std::map< int, int >::iterator
for (auto it = mmp.begin(); it != mmp.end(); ++it)
std::cout<< it->first <<":"<< it->second << std::endl; //Do something with iterator

//Backward iterator for loop: it would loop through last element to first element
//it will be a std::map< int, int >::reverse_iterator
for (auto it = mmp.rbegin(); it != mmp.rend(); ++it)
std::cout<< it->first <<" "<< it->second << std::endl; //Do something with iterator

While iterating over a std::map or a std::multimap, the use of auto is preferred to avoid useless implicit conversions (see this SO answer for more details).

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