Introduction

In C++, it is possible to define operators such as \+ and -> for user-defined types. For example, the <string> header defines a \+ operator to concatenate strings. This is done by defining an operator function using the operator keyword.

Remarks

The operators for built-in types cannot be changed, operators can only be overloaded for user-defined types. That is, at least one of the operands has to be of a user-defined type.

The following operators cannot be overloaded:

• The member access or “dot” operator .
• The pointer to member access operator .*
• The scope resolution operator, ::
• The ternary conditional operator, ?:
• dynamic_cast, static_cast, reinterpret_cast, const_cast, typeid, sizeof, alignof, and noexcept
• The preprocessing directives, \# and ##, which are executed before any type information is available.

There are some operators that you should not (99.98% of the time) overload:

• && and || (prefer, instead, to use implicit conversion to bool)
• ,
• The address-of operator (unary &)

Why? Because they overload operators that another programmer might never expect, resulting in different behavior than anticipated.

For example, the user defined && and || overloads of these operators lose their short-circuit evaluation and lose their special sequencing properties (C++17), the sequencing issue also applies to , operator overloads.

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