throw

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  1. When throw occurs in an expression with an operand, its effect is to throw an exception, which is a copy of the operand.
    void print_asterisks(int count) {
        if (count < 0) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("count cannot be negative!");
        }
        while (count--) { putchar('*'); }
    }
  2. When throw occurs in an expression without an operand, its effect is to rethrow the current exception. If there is no current exception, std::terminate is called.
    try {
        // something risky
    } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
        std::cerr << "out of memory" << std::endl;
    } catch (...) {
        std::cerr << "unexpected exception" << std::endl;
        // hope the caller knows how to handle this exception
        throw;
    }
  3. When throw occurs in a function declarator, it introduces a dynamic exception specification, which lists the types of exceptions that the function is allowed to propagate.
    // this function might propagate a std::runtime_error,
    // but not, say, a std::logic_error
    void risky() throw(std::runtime_error);
    // this function can't propagate any exceptions
    void safe() throw();

    Dynamic exception specifications are deprecated as of C++11.

    Note that the first two uses of throw listed above constitute expressions rather than statements. (The type of a throw expression is void.) This makes it possible to nest them within expressions, like so:

    unsigned int predecessor(unsigned int x) {
        return (x > 0) ? (x - 1) : (throw std::invalid_argument("0 has no predecessor"));
    }

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