static

The static keyword is used on a class, method, or field to make them work independently of any instance of the class.

Static fields are common to all instances of a class. They do not need an instance to access them.
Static methods can be run without an instance of the class they are in. However, they can only access static fields of that class.
Static classes can be declared inside of other classes. They do not need an instance of the class they are in to be instantiated.

public class TestStatic
{
    static int staticVariable;

    static {
        // This block of code is run when the class first loads
        staticVariable = 11;
    }

    int nonStaticVariable = 5;

    static void doSomething() {
        // We can access static variables from static methods
        staticVariable = 10;
    }

    void add() {
        // We can access both static and non-static variables from non-static methods
        nonStaticVariable += staticVariable;
    }

    static class StaticInnerClass {
        int number;
        public StaticInnerClass(int _number) {
            number = _number;
        }

        void doSomething() {
            // We can access number and staticVariable, but not nonStaticVariable
            number += staticVariable;
        }

        int getNumber() {
            return number;
        }
    }
}

// Static fields and methods
TestStatic object1 = new TestStatic();

System.out.println(object1.staticVariable); // 11
System.out.println(TestStatic.staticVariable); // 11

TestStatic.doSomething();

TestStatic object2 = new TestStatic();

System.out.println(object1.staticVariable); // 10
System.out.println(object2.staticVariable); // 10
System.out.println(TestStatic.staticVariable); // 10

object1.add();

System.out.println(object1.nonStaticVariable); // 15
System.out.println(object2.nonStaticVariable); // 10

// Static inner classes
StaticInnerClass object3 = new TestStatic.StaticInnerClass(100);
StaticInnerClass object4 = new TestStatic.StaticInnerClass(200);

System.out.println(object3.getNumber()); // 100
System.out.println(object4.getNumber()); // 200

object3.doSomething();

System.out.println(object3.getNumber()); // 110
System.out.println(object4.getNumber()); // 200

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