Limit and Offset relationship
suggest changeConsidering the following users
table:
id | username — | — 1 | User1 2 | User2 3 | User3 4 | User4 5 | User5
In order to constrain the number of rows in the result set of a SELECT
query, the LIMIT
clause can be used together with one or two positive integers as arguments (zero included).
LIMIT
clause with one argument
When one argument is used, the result set will only be constrained to the number specified in the following manner:
SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
id | username — | — 1 | User1 2 | User2
If the argument’s value is 0
, the result set will be empty.
Also notice that the ORDER BY
clause may be important in order to specify the first rows of the result set that will be presented (when ordering by another column).
LIMIT
clause with two arguments
When two arguments are used in a LIMIT
clause:
- the first argument represents the row from which the result set rows will be presented – this number is often mentioned as an offset, since it represents the row previous to the initial row of the constrained result set. This allows the argument to receive
0
as value and thus taking into consideration the first row of the non-constrained result set. - the second argument specifies the maximum number of rows to be returned in the result set (similarly to the one argument’s example).
Therefore the query:
SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2, 3
Presents the following result set:
id | username — | — 3 | User3 4 | User4 5 | User5
Notice that when the offset argument is 0
, the result set will be equivalent to a one argument LIMIT
clause. This means that the following 2 queries:
SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 0, 2
SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2
Produce the same result set:
id | username — | — 1 | User1 2 | User2
OFFSET
keyword: alternative syntax
An alternative syntax for the LIMIT
clause with two arguments consists in the usage of the OFFSET
keyword after the first argument in the following manner:
SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id ASC LIMIT 2 OFFSET 3
This query would return the following result set:
id | username — | — 3 | User3 4 | User4
Notice that in this alternative syntax the arguments have their positions switched:
- the first argument represents the number of rows to be returned in the result set;
- the second argument represents the offset.