2to3 tool
suggest changeSyntax
- $ 2to3 [-options] path/to/file.py
Parameters
Parameter | Description —— | —— filename / directory_name | 2to3 accepts a list of files or directories which is to be transformed as its argument. The directories are recursively traversed for Python sources. Option | Option Description -f FIX, –fix=FIX | Specify transformations to be applied; default: all. List available transformations with --list-fixes -j PROCESSES, –processes=PROCESSES | Run 2to3 concurrently -x NOFIX, –nofix=NOFIX | Exclude a transformation -l, –list-fixes | List available transformations -p, –print-function | Change the grammar so that print() is considered a function -v, –verbose | More verbose output –no-diffs | Do not output diffs of the refactoring -w | Write back modified files -n, –nobackups | Do not create backups of modified files -o OUTPUT_DIR, –output-dir=OUTPUT_DIR | Place output files in this directory instead of overwriting input files. Requires the -n flag, as backup files are unnecessary when the input files are not modified. -W, –write-unchanged-files | Write output files even is no changes were required. Useful with -o so that a complete source tree is translated and copied. Implies -w. –add-suffix=ADD_SUFFIX | Specify a string to be appended to all output filenames. Requires -n if non-empty. Ex.: --add-suffix='3' will generate .py3 files.
Remarks
The 2to3 tool is an python program which is used to convert the code written in Python 2.x to Python 3.x code. The tool reads Python 2.x source code and applies a series of fixers to transform it into valid Python 3.x code.
The 2to3 tool is available in the standard library as lib2to3 which contains a rich set of fixers that will handle almost all code. Since lib2to3 is a generic library, it is possible to write your own fixers for 2to3.