Graph Trie Stack
suggest changeGraph
In computer science, a graph is an abstract data type that is meant to implement the undirected graph and directed graph concepts from mathematics. A graph data structure consists of a finite (and possibly mutable) set of vertices or nodes or points, together with a set of unordered pairs of these vertices for an undirected graph or a set of ordered pairs for a directed graph. These pairs are known as edges, arcs, or lines for an undirected graph and as arrows, directed edges, directed arcs, or directed lines for a directed graph. The vertices may be part of the graph structure, or may be external entities represented by integer indices or references. A graph data structure may also associate to each edge some edge value, such as a symbolic label or a numeric attribute (cost, capacity, length, etc.). (Wikipedia, source)
//
// GraphFactory.swift
// SwiftStructures
//
// Created by Wayne Bishop on 6/7/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Arbutus Software Inc. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
public class SwiftGraph {
//declare a default directed graph canvas
private var canvas: Array<Vertex>
public var isDirected: Bool
init() {
canvas = Array<Vertex>()
isDirected = true
}
//create a new vertex
func addVertex(key: String) -> Vertex {
//set the key
let childVertex: Vertex = Vertex()
childVertex.key = key
//add the vertex to the graph canvas
canvas.append(childVertex)
return childVertex
}
//add edge to source vertex
func addEdge(source: Vertex, neighbor: Vertex, weight: Int) {
//create a new edge
let newEdge = Edge()
//establish the default properties
newEdge.neighbor = neighbor
newEdge.weight = weight
source.neighbors.append(newEdge)
print("The neighbor of vertex: \(source.key as String!) is \(neighbor.key as String!)..")
//check condition for an undirected graph
if isDirected == false {
//create a new reversed edge
let reverseEdge = Edge()
//establish the reversed properties
reverseEdge.neighbor = source
reverseEdge.weight = weight
neighbor.neighbors.append(reverseEdge)
print("The neighbor of vertex: \(neighbor.key as String!) is \(source.key as String!)..")
}
}
/* reverse the sequence of paths given the shortest path.
process analagous to reversing a linked list. */
func reversePath(_ head: Path!, source: Vertex) -> Path! {
guard head != nil else {
return head
}
//mutated copy
var output = head
var current: Path! = output
var prev: Path!
var next: Path!
while(current != nil) {
next = current.previous
current.previous = prev
prev = current
current = next
}
//append the source path to the sequence
let sourcePath: Path = Path()
sourcePath.destination = source
sourcePath.previous = prev
sourcePath.total = nil
output = sourcePath
return output
}
//process Dijkstra's shortest path algorthim
func processDijkstra(_ source: Vertex, destination: Vertex) -> Path? {
var frontier: Array<Path> = Array<Path>()
var finalPaths: Array<Path> = Array<Path>()
//use source edges to create the frontier
for e in source.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = nil
newPath.total = e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.append(newPath)
}
//construct the best path
var bestPath: Path = Path()
while frontier.count != 0 {
//support path changes using the greedy approach
bestPath = Path()
var pathIndex: Int = 0
for x in 0..<frontier.count {
let itemPath: Path = frontier[x]
if (bestPath.total == nil) || (itemPath.total < bestPath.total) {
bestPath = itemPath
pathIndex = x
}
}
//enumerate the bestPath edges
for e in bestPath.destination.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = bestPath
newPath.total = bestPath.total + e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.append(newPath)
}
//preserve the bestPath
finalPaths.append(bestPath)
//remove the bestPath from the frontier
//frontier.removeAtIndex(pathIndex) - Swift2
frontier.remove(at: pathIndex)
} //end while
//establish the shortest path as an optional
var shortestPath: Path! = Path()
for itemPath in finalPaths {
if (itemPath.destination.key == destination.key) {
if (shortestPath.total == nil) || (itemPath.total < shortestPath.total) {
shortestPath = itemPath
}
}
}
return shortestPath
}
///an optimized version of Dijkstra's shortest path algorthim
func processDijkstraWithHeap(_ source: Vertex, destination: Vertex) -> Path! {
let frontier: PathHeap = PathHeap()
let finalPaths: PathHeap = PathHeap()
//use source edges to create the frontier
for e in source.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = nil
newPath.total = e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.enQueue(newPath)
}
//construct the best path
var bestPath: Path = Path()
while frontier.count != 0 {
//use the greedy approach to obtain the best path
bestPath = Path()
bestPath = frontier.peek()
//enumerate the bestPath edges
for e in bestPath.destination.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = bestPath
newPath.total = bestPath.total + e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.enQueue(newPath)
}
//preserve the bestPaths that match destination
if (bestPath.destination.key == destination.key) {
finalPaths.enQueue(bestPath)
}
//remove the bestPath from the frontier
frontier.deQueue()
} //end while
//obtain the shortest path from the heap
var shortestPath: Path! = Path()
shortestPath = finalPaths.peek()
return shortestPath
}
//MARK: traversal algorithms
//bfs traversal with inout closure function
func traverse(_ startingv: Vertex, formula: (_ node: inout Vertex) -> ()) {
//establish a new queue
let graphQueue: Queue<Vertex> = Queue<Vertex>()
//queue a starting vertex
graphQueue.enQueue(startingv)
while !graphQueue.isEmpty() {
//traverse the next queued vertex
var vitem: Vertex = graphQueue.deQueue() as Vertex!
//add unvisited vertices to the queue
for e in vitem.neighbors {
if e.neighbor.visited == false {
print("adding vertex: \(e.neighbor.key!) to queue..")
graphQueue.enQueue(e.neighbor)
}
}
/*
notes: this demonstrates how to invoke a closure with an inout parameter.
By passing by reference no return value is required.
*/
//invoke formula
formula(&vitem)
} //end while
print("graph traversal complete..")
}
//breadth first search
func traverse(_ startingv: Vertex) {
//establish a new queue
let graphQueue: Queue<Vertex> = Queue<Vertex>()
//queue a starting vertex
graphQueue.enQueue(startingv)
while !graphQueue.isEmpty() {
//traverse the next queued vertex
let vitem = graphQueue.deQueue() as Vertex!
guard vitem != nil else {
return
}
//add unvisited vertices to the queue
for e in vitem!.neighbors {
if e.neighbor.visited == false {
print("adding vertex: \(e.neighbor.key!) to queue..")
graphQueue.enQueue(e.neighbor)
}
}
vitem!.visited = true
print("traversed vertex: \(vitem!.key!)..")
} //end while
print("graph traversal complete..")
} //end function
//use bfs with trailing closure to update all values
func update(startingv: Vertex, formula:((Vertex) -> Bool)) {
//establish a new queue
let graphQueue: Queue<Vertex> = Queue<Vertex>()
//queue a starting vertex
graphQueue.enQueue(startingv)
while !graphQueue.isEmpty() {
//traverse the next queued vertex
let vitem = graphQueue.deQueue() as Vertex!
guard vitem != nil else {
return
}
//add unvisited vertices to the queue
for e in vitem!.neighbors {
if e.neighbor.visited == false {
print("adding vertex: \(e.neighbor.key!) to queue..")
graphQueue.enQueue(e.neighbor)
}
}
//apply formula..
if formula(vitem!) == false {
print("formula unable to update: \(vitem!.key)")
}
else {
print("traversed vertex: \(vitem!.key!)..")
}
vitem!.visited = true
} //end while
print("graph traversal complete..")
}
}Trie
In computer science, a trie, also called digital tree and sometimes radix tree or prefix tree (as they can be searched by prefixes), is a kind of search tree—an ordered tree data structure that is used to store a dynamic set or associative array where the keys are usually strings. (Wikipedia, source)
//
// Trie.swift
// SwiftStructures
//
// Created by Wayne Bishop on 10/14/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Arbutus Software Inc. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
public class Trie {
private var root: TrieNode!
init(){
root = TrieNode()
}
//builds a tree hierarchy of dictionary content
func append(word keyword: String) {
//trivial case
guard keyword.length > 0 else {
return
}
var current: TrieNode = root
while keyword.length != current.level {
var childToUse: TrieNode!
let searchKey = keyword.substring(to: current.level + 1)
//print("current has \(current.children.count) children..")
//iterate through child nodes
for child in current.children {
if (child.key == searchKey) {
childToUse = child
break
}
}
//new node
if childToUse == nil {
childToUse = TrieNode()
childToUse.key = searchKey
childToUse.level = current.level + 1
current.children.append(childToUse)
}
current = childToUse
} //end while
//final end of word check
if (keyword.length == current.level) {
current.isFinal = true
print("end of word reached!")
return
}
} //end function
//find words based on the prefix
func search(forWord keyword: String) -> Array<String>! {
//trivial case
guard keyword.length > 0 else {
return nil
}
var current: TrieNode = root
var wordList = Array<String>()
while keyword.length != current.level {
var childToUse: TrieNode!
let searchKey = keyword.substring(to: current.level + 1)
//print("looking for prefix: \(searchKey)..")
//iterate through any child nodes
for child in current.children {
if (child.key == searchKey) {
childToUse = child
current = childToUse
break
}
}
if childToUse == nil {
return nil
}
} //end while
//retrieve the keyword and any descendants
if ((current.key == keyword) && (current.isFinal)) {
wordList.append(current.key)
}
//include only children that are words
for child in current.children {
if (child.isFinal == true) {
wordList.append(child.key)
}
}
return wordList
} //end function
}(GitHub, source)
Stack
In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two principal operations: push, which adds an element to the collection, and pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed. The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its alternative name, LIFO (for last in, first out). Additionally, a peek operation may give access to the top without modifying the stack. (Wikipedia, source)
See license info below and original code source at (github)
//
// Stack.swift
// SwiftStructures
//
// Created by Wayne Bishop on 8/1/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Arbutus Software Inc. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
class Stack<T> {
private var top: Node<T>
init() {
top = Node<T>()
}
//the number of items - O(n)
var count: Int {
//return trivial case
guard top.key != nil else {
return 0
}
var current = top
var x: Int = 1
//cycle through list
while current.next != nil {
current = current.next!
x += 1
}
return x
}
//add item to the stack
func push(withKey key: T) {
//return trivial case
guard top.key != nil else {
top.key = key
return
}
//create new item
let childToUse = Node<T>()
childToUse.key = key
//set new created item at top
childToUse.next = top
top = childToUse
}
//remove item from the stack
func pop() {
if self.count > 1 {
top = top.next
}
else {
top.key = nil
}
}
//retrieve the top most item
func peek() -> T! {
//determine instance
if let topitem = top.key {
return topitem
}
else {
return nil
}
}
//check for value
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
if self.count == 0 {
return true
}
else {
return false
}
}
}The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2015, Wayne Bishop & Arbutus Software Inc.
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining > a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the > “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including > without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, > distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to > permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to > the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be > included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, > EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF > MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. > IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY > CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, > TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE > SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.